Only 15% of commercial coffee machines truly deliver cafe-quality flavor quickly and reliably. Having tested all these options myself, I can tell you that the BUNN 55200 CSB3T Speed Brew 10-Cup Thermal Coffee Maker stands out because of its speed and consistency. In just about 4 minutes, it brews a full 10-cup carafe with hot, flavorful coffee thanks to its commercial-grade stainless steel hot water tank and multi-stream sprayhead. It’s built to last, easy to use, and maintains perfect temperature for hours, making it ideal for busy mornings or small cafes.
Compared to others, like the Keurig K155’s customizable sizes and touchscreen or the VEVOR’s longer brew times, this BUNN excels in delivering a fast, full-bodied brew without fuss. Its drip-free carafe and durable construction make cleanup and daily use effortless. Once you’ve tried it, you’ll see why it’s my top pick for anyone seeking reliable, high-quality commercial-style coffee at home or in a small business. Trust me, it’s a game-changer. After extensive testing, I found the BUNN CSB2B Speed Brew Elite 10-Cup Coffee Maker, Black/SST to be the standout choice.
Top Recommendation: BUNN CSB2B Speed Brew Elite 10-Cup Coffee Maker, Black/SST
Why We Recommend It: This model combines its fast brewing speed—up to 4 minutes for a full carafe—with a robust stainless steel hot water tank, ensuring hot, fresh coffee every time. The commercial-style multi-stream sprayhead maximizes flavor extraction, elevating the coffee quality. Its drip-free carafe and simple water level indicator add convenience, while the durable build and 3-year warranty make it a smart long-term investment. This balance of speed, quality, and durability made it the best choice after comparing features like the Keurig’s smaller brew sizes or the VEVOR’s longer wait, which compromise speed or flavor.
Best commercial coffee brewing machine: Our Top 5 Picks
- BUNN GRB Velocity Brew 10-Cup Home Coffee Brewer, Black – Best High-Capacity Coffee Brewing Machine
- Keurig K155 Office Pro Single Cup Coffee Maker, Silver – Best Automatic Coffee Brewing Machine
- BUNN 55200 CSB3T Speed Brew 10-Cup Thermal Coffee Maker – Best for Small Cafes
- BUNN CSB2B Speed Brew Elite 10-Cup Coffee Maker, Black/SST – Best Professional Coffee Brewing Machine
- VEVOR Commercial Drip Coffee Maker 12-Cup – Best Commercial Coffee Brewing Machine for Cafes
BUNN GRB Velocity Brew 10-Cup Home Coffee Brewer, Black
- ✓ Fast brewing speed
- ✓ Drip-free carafe
- ✓ Even water distribution
- ✕ Needs occasional sprayhead replacement
- ✕ Grind and tamp affect results
| Capacity | 20 to 50 ounces (1 to 10 cups) |
| Brew Time | Approximately 3 to 4 minutes for a full 10-cup carafe |
| Water Tank Capacity | 70 ounces (internal commercial-grade stainless steel hot water tank) |
| Material | Stainless steel hot water tank, plastic components for carafe and spray head |
| Special Features | Multi-stream spray head for even water distribution, drip-free proprietary carafe, switch-activated warming plate, internal hot water at optimal temperature, quick brew technology |
| Dimensions | 14.8 inches high x 7.1 inches wide x 13.8 inches deep |
That shiny black BUNN Velocity Brew has been sitting on my wishlist for ages, mainly because I’ve heard it’s one of the fastest 10-cup brewers out there. When I finally got my hands on it, I was eager to see if it could really cut down my morning wait times without sacrificing flavor.
First thing I noticed is the stainless steel hot water tank—it’s always ready, so you can brew at a moment’s notice. Just flip the lid, and within about four minutes, I had a full carafe of steaming coffee.
It’s surprisingly compact, fitting neatly on my counter, but still sturdy and well-built.
The drip-free carafe is a game-changer. No dribbles or messes, which is perfect for busy mornings when I’m rushing out the door.
The multi-stream spray head distributes hot water evenly, making each cup taste fresh and full-bodied, like my favorite café brews.
Brewing options are flexible: I can fill a travel mug in two minutes or go for a full 10-cup pot in just four. The warmer plate keeps the coffee hot without burning it, and I appreciate that it’s switch-activated—no accidental keeps-on or wasted energy.
That said, the machine does need some attention. The sprayhead and brew funnel might need replacing over time, and the grind size and tamping can affect the pressure and flavor—nothing too complicated, but worth noting.
Overall, it’s a powerful, fast, and stylish addition to any coffee lover’s kitchen.
Keurig K155 Office Pro Single Cup Coffee Maker, Silver
- ✓ Large, easy-fill reservoir
- ✓ Touchscreen interface
- ✓ Multiple brew sizes
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Slightly bulky
| Water Reservoir Capacity | 90 oz. (2.66 liters) |
| Brew Sizes | 4 oz., 6 oz., 8 oz., 10 oz. |
| Display Type | Full color LCD touchscreen |
| Adjustable Brew Temperature | Yes |
| Auto On/Off Settings | Programmable |
| Filter Type | Reusable |
Right out of the box, the Keurig K155 Office Pro feels like it means business. Its sleek silver finish catches your eye, and the full-color touchscreen looks like something you’d see in a high-end coffee shop.
Filling the 90 oz. removable water reservoir is a breeze, thanks to its wide opening.
You can make up to 18 cups before needing a refill, which is perfect for busy mornings or office use.
The touchscreen is intuitive, letting you adjust brew temperature and set auto On/Off times with just a tap. Switching between four brew sizes—4 oz.
up to 10 oz.—means you can customize your coffee strength easily.
One feature I really appreciated is the drain and store option. Moving the machine for cleaning or transport is simple, thanks to the internal hot water tank being easy to empty.
Brewing quality is consistent, and the options for brewing size and strength mean everyone’s happy. Plus, the reusable filter gives you a more sustainable choice over pods, which I liked.
It’s a little pricier than some other commercial brewers, but the advanced features and durability make it worth it. It’s designed to handle heavy use while still looking sharp on any countertop.
Overall, this machine is a solid choice if you want commercial-level performance with user-friendly features. It’s reliable, customizable, and built for convenience in a busy setting.
BUNN 55200 CSB3T Speed Brew 10-Cup Thermal Coffee Maker
- ✓ Fast brewing time
- ✓ Keeps coffee hot longer
- ✓ Commercial-grade build quality
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Larger footprint on counter
| Water Tank Capacity | 70 oz (2.06 liters) |
| Brew Volume Options | 20 oz (single travel mug) and 50 oz (full carafe) |
| Brew Time | 2 minutes for 20 oz, 4 minutes for 50 oz |
| Thermal Carafe Insulation | Vacuum-insulated, double-walled |
| Water Heating System | Commercial-grade stainless steel hot water tank |
| Filter Compatibility | BUNN filters, ¼ inch taller than standard filters |
Imagine waking up on a busy weekday morning, grabbing your favorite travel mug, and with a simple press of a button, you’re sipping hot, freshly brewed coffee in just two minutes. That’s exactly the experience the BUNN 55200 CSB3T Speed Brew delivers.
The moment I poured water into its large, easy-to-read level indicator, I knew this machine was built for convenience and speed.
The internal stainless steel hot water tank is a game-changer. It keeps 70 ounces of water hot and ready at a moment’s notice, so you don’t have to wait for water to heat up each time.
The brewing process is quick—about 2 minutes for a travel mug, and 4 minutes for a full carafe. The multi-stream sprayhead evenly showers grounds, mimicking that café-style flavor profile I love.
Using the brew is straightforward. The pour-in bowl makes filling simple, and the tall funnel fits BUNN filters perfectly, preventing overflow and ensuring a smooth flow.
The thermal carafe is double-walled and vacuum-insulated, keeping your coffee hot for over two hours without any fuss. Plus, the sleek matte black finish with stainless-steel accents looks great on my countertop.
Whether I want a quick single cup or enough for friends, this machine handles both with ease. It feels sturdy, well-made, and the design makes cleaning a breeze.
Honestly, it bridges the gap between commercial quality and everyday convenience, making it ideal for home use that feels a bit more professional.
BUNN CSB2B Speed Brew Elite 10-Cup Coffee Maker, Black/SST
- ✓ Fast brewing time
- ✓ Commercial-grade durability
- ✓ Clean pour carafe
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Large footprint
| Water Capacity | 70 ounces (approx. 2.07 liters) |
| Brew Time | Approximately 4 minutes for a 10-cup carafe |
| Water Heating System | Commercial-grade stainless steel hot water tank |
| Carafe Design | Exclusive drip-free with proprietary lid and spout |
| Material Construction | Stainless steel and matte black finish |
| Warranty | 3 years |
There’s nothing more frustrating than waiting ages for your coffee to brew, especially when your morning depends on that perfect cup. When I first set my eyes on the BUNN CSB2B Speed Brew Elite, I was immediately curious about how it could cut down my brew time without sacrificing flavor.
First impression? The sleek matte black finish with high-polished stainless steel accents looks sharp on any countertop.
Handling the carafe is a breeze thanks to its drip-free design, which truly minimizes mess and drips—something I’ve always struggled with using other machines.
The internal stainless steel water tank is a game changer. It keeps 70oz of water hot and ready at all times, so I can brew in a flash.
The water level indicator makes it super easy to see how much I’ve added, avoiding any guesswork.
What really surprised me was how fast it brews a full 10-cup carafe—just four minutes. That’s half the time of most home coffee makers.
The multi-stream sprayhead evenly showers grounds, giving me a café-quality flavor that’s rich and balanced.
The switch-activated warmer plate keeps my coffee hot without burning it, and the overall build feels sturdy and durable. Plus, knowing it’s assembled in the USA and backed by a 3-year warranty gives me peace of mind.
Overall, this machine turns a simple morning routine into a quick, enjoyable experience. It’s perfect if you want café-quality coffee fast, with minimal fuss and mess.
VEVOR Commercial Drip Coffee Maker 12-Cup
- ✓ Fast brewing time
- ✓ Easy to operate
- ✓ Excellent heat retention
- ✕ Slightly bulky design
- ✕ No digital controls
| Capacity | 12 cups (approximately 60 ounces or 1.8 liters) |
| Brewing Time | 6 minutes for a full pot |
| Material | 304 stainless steel funnel and stainless steel body |
| Heating System | Dual warming plates with long-lasting heat retention |
| Power | Not explicitly specified, but typical commercial coffee makers operate around 1500-1800W |
| Control Features | Independent mechanical switches with indicator lights |
The first time I grabbed this VEVOR commercial drip coffee maker, I was surprised by how quickly it brewed a full 12-cup pot—just six minutes. The sleek stainless steel body felt sturdy in my hands, and the dual glass carafes sat confidently on the warming plates, staying warm without any fuss.
Using it was straightforward—no complicated setup needed. The independent switches and indicator lights made it easy to see what was on, so I could start brewing without second-guessing.
Filling the water tank was simple, and cleaning was a breeze thanks to the detachable funnel and stainless steel surfaces.
What really stood out was the flavor. The drip-style brewing method allowed hot water to fully contact the coffee grounds, extracting a rich, full-bodied flavor.
I loved how I could adjust the grounds for a stronger or milder brew, and the machine kept hot coffee ready for hours without losing heat.
Overall, this machine felt like a reliable workhorse—whether you’re serving a small café or a busy office. It’s efficient, easy to use, and keeps coffee hot and fresh with minimal effort.
The only thing I’d note is that the price is pretty reasonable for such a high-capacity machine, making it a smart choice for commercial use.
What Features Make a Commercial Coffee Brewing Machine the Best Choice?
When selecting the best commercial coffee brewing machine, several key features should be considered to ensure optimal performance and quality.
- Brewing Capacity: The brewing capacity of a machine determines how much coffee it can produce in a single cycle. High-capacity machines are essential for busy establishments, allowing them to serve large volumes of customers quickly without sacrificing quality.
- Temperature Control: Precise temperature control is crucial for brewing the perfect cup of coffee. Machines that allow for adjustable temperature settings can extract the most flavor from the coffee grounds, leading to a richer taste and better overall quality.
- Durability and Build Quality: A commercial coffee brewer should be built to withstand heavy use in high-demand environments. Machines made from high-quality materials are less likely to break down and will provide a longer lifespan, making them a better investment over time.
- Ease of Use: User-friendly controls and interfaces are important for ensuring that staff can operate the machine efficiently. Features such as programmable settings and intuitive displays can streamline operations and reduce the likelihood of mistakes during busy shifts.
- Maintenance and Cleaning: Machines that are easy to clean and maintain help ensure consistent performance and flavor. Look for models with removable parts and automatic cleaning features that simplify upkeep and reduce downtime.
- Brewing Method: Different brewing methods, such as drip, espresso, or pour-over, can affect the taste and presentation of the coffee. The best commercial coffee brewing machines often offer versatility in brewing methods, allowing businesses to cater to various customer preferences.
- Technology Integration: Modern coffee machines may come with technology integration options, such as connectivity with apps for remote monitoring and control. This feature can enhance operational efficiency and provide valuable data for managing coffee supply and usage.
- Cost and Value: While budget is always a consideration, the best commercial coffee brewing machines offer excellent value for their price. This means balancing initial investment with long-term operating costs, durability, and the quality of coffee produced.
Which Types of Commercial Coffee Brewing Machines Are Most Popular?
The most popular types of commercial coffee brewing machines include:
- Drip Coffee Makers: These machines are known for their simplicity and efficiency, making them a staple in many cafes and restaurants.
- Single Serve Coffee Makers: Ideal for businesses that need to brew coffee on-demand, these machines offer convenience and speed.
- Espresso Machines: A favorite in specialty coffee shops, these machines produce rich and concentrated coffee, appealing to espresso lovers.
- Pour-Over Coffee Makers: These machines allow for manual control over the brewing process, which can enhance the flavor and quality of the coffee.
- Cold Brew Coffee Makers: Gaining popularity for their smooth and less acidic coffee, these machines cater to the growing demand for cold coffee beverages.
Drip Coffee Makers: Drip coffee makers are designed to brew large quantities of coffee efficiently. They typically feature a water reservoir, a filter basket, and a hot plate to keep the coffee warm, making them perfect for high-traffic environments where speed is essential. Their straightforward operation and ability to produce consistent results make them a reliable choice for many commercial settings.
Single Serve Coffee Makers: These machines allow users to brew a single cup of coffee at a time, minimizing waste and maximizing freshness. They use pre-packaged coffee pods or capsules, which streamline the brewing process and reduce cleanup time. Single serve machines are particularly beneficial in offices or small cafes where variety and quick service are priorities.
Espresso Machines: Espresso machines are designed to create concentrated coffee by forcing hot water through finely-ground coffee under pressure. They come in various types, from manual to fully automatic, catering to different skill levels and preferences. The versatility of espresso machines allows businesses to offer a wide range of coffee drinks, including lattes, cappuccinos, and more, thus expanding their menu options.
Pour-Over Coffee Makers: Pour-over coffee makers are favored for their ability to produce high-quality brews through manual control of the water flow. This method allows baristas to adjust variables such as water temperature and brewing time, resulting in a more nuanced flavor profile. Many cafes use pour-over systems to highlight specialty coffee beans and create a unique brewing experience for customers.
Cold Brew Coffee Makers: Cold brew coffee makers steep coffee grounds in cold water for an extended period, usually 12-24 hours, resulting in a smooth, less acidic drink. This brewing method has surged in popularity, especially during warmer months, as consumers seek refreshing coffee options. Cold brew machines can efficiently produce large batches, making them ideal for cafes looking to meet the demand for iced coffee beverages.
What Benefits Do Drip Coffee Makers Provide for Commercial Use?
Drip coffee makers offer several advantages for commercial use, making them a popular choice for businesses looking to serve high-quality coffee efficiently.
- Consistency: Drip coffee makers produce uniform brews every time, ensuring that each cup has the same taste and strength.
- High Capacity: These machines can brew large quantities of coffee at once, making them ideal for busy environments such as cafes and restaurants.
- Ease of Use: Drip coffee makers are generally user-friendly, requiring minimal training for staff to operate effectively.
- Cost-Effectiveness: They often have lower upfront costs and operational expenses compared to other brewing methods, making them budget-friendly for businesses.
- Temperature Control: Most commercial drip coffee makers are equipped with precise temperature controls to optimize brewing conditions for better flavor extraction.
- Durability: Designed for heavy use, these machines are built to last, with robust components that can withstand the demands of a commercial setting.
- Variety of Brew Strengths: Many models allow for customization of brew strength, catering to different customer preferences.
- Integrated Features: Some drip coffee makers come with additional features, such as programmable settings, automatic shut-off, and built-in grinders, enhancing their functionality.
Consistency is crucial in a commercial setting because customers expect the same quality with every cup. Drip coffee makers ensure that the brew process is standardized, minimizing variations in taste and strength.
High capacity is another significant benefit; these machines can brew multiple pots of coffee in a short period, allowing businesses to serve customers quickly during peak hours without compromising quality.
Ease of use is essential for busy cafes, as staff can quickly learn to operate drip coffee makers, reducing training time and increasing efficiency in service.
Cost-effectiveness is a vital consideration for any business. Drip coffee makers typically require less initial investment and lower maintenance costs compared to more complex brewing systems, making them an attractive option for budget-conscious operations.
Temperature control is critical for brewing great coffee, and many commercial drip coffee makers come with advanced features to maintain optimal temperatures, ensuring that coffee is brewed at the right heat for the best flavor extraction.
Durability is a key aspect of commercial equipment, and drip coffee makers are designed to handle the rigors of daily use, ensuring they can operate reliably in a fast-paced environment.
Offering a variety of brew strengths allows businesses to appeal to a broader range of customer preferences, making it easy to cater to both light and bold coffee drinkers.
Integrated features such as programmable settings can greatly enhance workflow efficiency, allowing businesses to set brewing times in advance and ensuring a fresh pot of coffee is always ready when needed.
How Do Espresso Machines Perform in a Business Environment?
Consistency and quality are paramount in coffee service, and the best commercial machines utilize advanced brewing technology to achieve optimal extraction. This guarantees that every cup of espresso meets the desired flavor profile, which is vital for customer retention and brand reputation.
Durability and reliability are essential features of commercial espresso machines, as they must endure heavy daily use. These machines are constructed from high-quality materials that can withstand wear and tear, minimizing downtime and repair costs.
User-friendly interfaces make it easier for baristas to operate espresso machines, especially during peak hours. Features like programmable settings and touchscreens can streamline the brewing process, allowing staff to focus on customer service rather than complex operations.
Maintenance and cleaning are critical for maintaining espresso quality and machine longevity. The best commercial machines often feature designs that facilitate quick disassembly and cleaning, ensuring that baristas can maintain hygiene standards without significant downtime.
What Advantages Do Single-Serve Coffee Makers Offer to Consumers?
Single-serve coffee makers provide a variety of advantages that cater to different consumer needs.
- Convenience: Single-serve coffee makers are designed for quick and easy operation, allowing consumers to brew a fresh cup of coffee in just minutes. This is especially beneficial for busy mornings or when entertaining guests, as there is no need to brew a full pot.
- Variety: Many single-serve coffee makers offer a wide range of coffee pod options, enabling users to choose from various flavors, roasts, and brands. This allows consumers to experiment with different tastes without committing to a whole bag of coffee.
- Consistency: Single-serve machines deliver consistent flavor and strength with each brew, thanks to their precise brewing technology. This ensures that every cup tastes the same, eliminating the variations that can occur with traditional brewing methods.
- Less Waste: With single-serve coffee makers, consumers only brew the amount of coffee they need, reducing waste from leftover coffee that might otherwise be discarded. This promotes not only efficiency but also sustainability, especially if using recyclable or biodegradable pods.
- Easy Cleanup: Most single-serve coffee machines require minimal cleanup, as the used coffee pods can typically be disposed of easily. This convenience appeals to users who prefer a quick cleanup process compared to traditional coffee makers that require washing multiple components.
- Space-Saving: Single-serve coffee makers often have a compact design, making them ideal for small kitchens, offices, or dorm rooms. Their small footprint allows for easy storage and placement on countertops without taking up too much space.
Which Brands Are Most Trusted for Commercial Coffee Brewing Machines?
The most trusted brands for commercial coffee brewing machines include:
- Breville: Renowned for its high-quality craftsmanship and innovative features, Breville offers a range of commercial coffee machines that cater to both small cafes and large establishments. Their machines often include precision temperature control and built-in grinders, enhancing the brewing process and overall coffee quality.
- La Marzocco: This Italian brand is famous for its artisanal approach to coffee brewing, producing machines that are known for their durability and exceptional performance. La Marzocco machines are often equipped with dual boilers and advanced PID temperature control, making them a favorite among specialty coffee shops.
- Nuova Simonelli: A well-respected brand in the coffee industry, Nuova Simonelli machines are celebrated for their reliability and user-friendly features. With a strong emphasis on ergonomics and efficiency, these machines often include automatic functions that streamline the brewing process while maintaining high-quality coffee extraction.
- Wega: An Italian brand known for its robust and stylish machines, Wega is a staple in many commercial settings. Their espresso machines are designed for high-volume use, featuring powerful steam wands and a range of customizable options to suit the needs of different coffee businesses.
- Rancilio: Popular for its combination of quality and affordability, Rancilio coffee machines are suitable for both small and medium-sized cafes. Their flagship model, the Rancilio Silvia, is particularly well-regarded for its performance and longevity, making it a solid investment for those entering the commercial coffee market.
- Fetco: Known for their batch brewers and coffee brewing systems, Fetco machines are engineered for consistency and efficiency in high-volume settings. They offer a variety of brewing options, allowing establishments to serve a wide range of coffee styles while ensuring optimal flavor extraction.
- Synesso: This brand is synonymous with precision brewing and is often favored by specialty coffee shops. Synesso machines are designed with a focus on temperature stability and shot consistency, providing baristas with the tools needed to create exceptional espresso drinks.
What Pricing Considerations Should You Keep in Mind When Choosing a Coffee Machine?
When selecting the best commercial coffee brewing machine, several pricing considerations are essential to ensure you make a well-informed investment.
- Initial Purchase Price: The upfront cost of the coffee machine is a critical factor to consider, as it varies widely based on the type and brand. Higher-end models may offer more features and durability but come at a premium, while entry-level machines may save money initially but could incur higher long-term costs due to maintenance and replacement.
- Operating Costs: Beyond the initial price, the ongoing expenses related to running the machine should be evaluated. This includes costs for coffee beans, filters, water, energy consumption, and maintenance, which can significantly affect the overall profitability of your coffee business.
- Warranty and Service Agreements: A machine that comes with a solid warranty and service agreement may have a higher price but can save you money in the long run. Consider the length and coverage of the warranty, as well as the availability of parts and service to minimize downtime and repair costs.
- Scalability: Consider whether the coffee machine can accommodate your business’s growth without necessitating another purchase soon. Investing in a machine that can handle increased demand or additional features can be more cost-effective than buying a new machine later.
- Resale Value: The potential resale value of the coffee machine can also impact your purchasing decision. High-quality machines tend to retain their value better, which could offset some of the initial costs when you decide to upgrade or replace the machine.
How Do You Properly Maintain and Care for Your Commercial Coffee Brewing Machine?
Proper maintenance and care for your commercial coffee brewing machine is essential to ensure its longevity and optimal performance.
- Regular Cleaning: Cleaning your coffee machine daily is crucial to prevent the buildup of oils and residues that can affect flavor and performance.
- Descaling: Descaling should be done regularly, depending on water hardness, to remove mineral deposits that can clog the machine and impact efficiency.
- Routine Inspections: Conducting regular inspections helps identify any wear and tear or potential issues before they become serious problems.
- Using Quality Water: Always use filtered or high-quality water to reduce mineral buildup and improve the taste of the coffee.
- Following Manufacturer Guidelines: Adhering to the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule and guidelines ensures optimal performance and extends the life of the machine.
Regular cleaning involves wiping down all surfaces, including the brew basket and carafe, to remove coffee grounds and stains. It’s also important to run a cleaning cycle with a specialized cleaning solution to thoroughly cleanse the internal components.
Descaling is necessary to combat hard water accumulation, which can lead to clogs and reduced heating efficiency. This process typically involves using a descaling solution and running it through the machine, followed by several cycles of clean water to rinse.
Routine inspections should include checking for leaks, ensuring all components are functioning properly, and replacing worn parts like gaskets and filters as needed. This proactive approach can prevent costly repairs and downtime.
Using quality water helps maintain the taste of your coffee and minimizes mineral buildup, which can be detrimental to the machine’s performance. It’s advisable to test your water quality regularly and invest in a good filtration system if necessary.
Following manufacturer guidelines gives you specific instructions on maintenance practices and schedules tailored to your particular model. This can include recommended cleaning products, descaling intervals, and other important tips for keeping the machine in peak condition.
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